How To Evaluate and Assess Students for English Listening and Speaking?

 Framework Proposal

Conduction of English Listening and Speaking Assessments

All Level Students

 

Introduction:

English is the language of international communication, and it has become a necessity to have proficiency in English in almost all fields of life, including education, business, and social interactions. In non-native set-ups, where English is not the first language, it is essential to have an effective system of English language assessment for students at the secondary and higher secondary levels. This proposal outlines a framework for conducting English Listening and Speaking assessments for SSC and HSSC level students in a non-native set-up.

Objective:

The primary objective of this framework is to develop a reliable, valid, and efficient system of English Listening and Speaking assessment for SSC and HSSC level students in a non-native set-up. The framework aims to provide clear and measurable outcomes of English proficiency levels and to identify students' strengths and weaknesses in Listening and Speaking skills.

Framework Components:

1.      Assessment Tools:

a. Audio Files: Recordings of English conversations, speeches, lectures, and interviews.

b. Speaking Prompt Cards: Prompts for students to speak on different topics, including general topics and academic subjects.

c. Scoring Rubrics: A set of criteria for scoring students' Listening and Speaking performances.

2.      Assessment Procedures:

a. Test Administration: Tests will be administered in a controlled environment, such as a classroom or a language lab.

b. Test Format: The Listening and Speaking tests will be administered separately.

c. Test Length: The Listening and Speaking tests will be of 30 minutes each.

d. Test Scoring: Scoring of the tests will be done according to the scoring rubrics.

e. Test Results: Results of the tests will be shared with the students, parents, and school administration.

3.      Assessment Standards:

a. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) levels will be used as assessment standards.

b. CEFR levels will be converted into a scale of 0-100 to provide a clearer indication of students' English proficiency levels.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs):

1.      Pre-Test Procedures: 

    a. Audio Files will be selected and checked for quality and content. 

    b. Speaking Prompt Cards will be created according to the student's proficiency 

        levels and academic requirements. 

    c. Scoring Rubrics will be developed and tested for reliability and validity. 

    d. Students will be briefed about the test format and scoring criteria.

2.      Test Administration Procedures: 

    a. Test Environment will be set up, ensuring a quiet and distraction-free                   

        environment. 

    b. Test Takers will be provided with instructions and guidance for the tests. 

    c. The Listening Test will be played through speakers or headphones. 

    d. The Speaking Test will be conducted individually, and each student will be 

        recorded for scoring purposes.

3.      Post-Test Procedures: 

    a. Audio Files and Speaking Test Recordings will be collected and stored securely. 

    b. Scoring will be done by trained and certified assessors using the Scoring Rubrics. 

    c. Results will be calculated, and students will be informed about their proficiency 

        levels. 

    d. A report will be generated, including students' proficiency levels, strengths, and 

    weaknesses.

This proposed framework provides a comprehensive and efficient system of English Listening and Speaking assessments for all level students in a non-native set-up. The use of CEFR levels and a standardized scoring rubric ensures a reliable and valid assessment of students' English proficiency levels. The framework's implementation will provide students, parents, and schools with a clear understanding of students' English language skills and will help in identifying areas for improvement.

Sample Listening Test:

Instructions: Listen to the recording carefully and answer the questions below.

Recording:                                     

Here is a short conversation between a customer and a sales representative at a phone store.

Sales Representative: Good afternoon, how can I help you?

Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a new phone. What do you recommend?

Sales Representative: Well, we have a range of phones with different features. Are you looking for a specific brand or operating system?

Customer: Not really, I just want a phone with a good camera and long battery life.

Sales Representative: Okay, then I would recommend the Samsung Galaxy S20. It has a great camera and a long-lasting battery. Would you like to take a look?

Customer: Yes, please. Thank you.

Questions:

1.      What is the purpose of the conversation?

2.      What is the customer looking for in a phone?

3.      Which phone does the sales representative recommend?

Sample Speaking Test:

Instructions: Choose one of the prompts below and speak on the topic for 2-3 minutes. The speaking will be recorded for scoring purposes.

Prompts:

1.      Talk about your favorite hobby and why you enjoy it.

2.      Describe your favorite place to visit and why it is special to you.

3.      Discuss a social issue that you are passionate about and why it matters to you.

Scoring Rubric:

The speaking test will be scored on the following criteria:

·         Pronunciation: clear and accurate pronunciation of English sounds

·         Vocabulary: appropriate use of vocabulary and expressions related to the topic

·         Grammar: correct use of grammatical structures and tenses

·         Fluency: the smooth and natural flow of speech without hesitation or repetition

·         Coherence: logical and organized presentation of ideas

Note: The scoring rubric may be adapted or modified depending on the specific requirements of the assessment.

Listening Test SOPs:

1.      Test Environment: Ensure a quiet and distraction-free environment for the test takers. Make sure that the test room has good acoustics and appropriate audio equipment for the listening exercises.

2.      Test Materials: Prepare the listening test materials beforehand, including audio recordings and test questions. Ensure that the audio quality is clear and audible.

3.      Test Administration: Provide clear instructions to the test takers regarding the listening exercises. Make sure that the instructions are standardized and consistent for all test takers.

4.      Test Scoring: Use the established listening test rubric to score the responses of the test takers. Ensure that the scoring is objective and consistent for all test takers.

5.      Test Result Reporting: Compile the test scores and provide feedback to the test takers. Ensure that the results are communicated in a clear and understandable manner.

Listening Test Scoring Rubric:

Speaking Test SOPs:

1.      Test Environment: Ensure a quiet and distraction-free environment for the test takers. Make sure that the test room has appropriate audio recording equipment and other necessary resources for the speaking exercises.

2.      Test Materials: Prepare the speaking test prompts beforehand. Ensure that the prompts are relevant and appropriate for the level of the test takers.

3.      Test Administration: Provide clear instructions to the test takers regarding the speaking exercises. Ensure that the instructions are standardized and consistent for all test takers.

4.      Test Scoring: Use the established speaking test rubric to score the responses of the test takers. Ensure that the scoring is objective and consistent for all test takers.

5.      Test Result Reporting: Compile the test scores and provide feedback to the test takers. Ensure that the results are communicated clearly and understandably.

In conclusion, by following the proposed framework, SOPs, and test tools, it is possible to conduct English Listening and Speaking assessments for all level students in a non-native set-up in a standardized and reliable manner.

Speaking Test Scoring Rubric:

Note: The rubrics are for illustrative purposes only and can be modified or adapted as per specific requirements.

The Socio-Cultural Impact on Learning Second Language

How to Check the Socio-Cultural Impact On Learning Second Language?

The socio-cultural impact on English language learning as a second language (ESL) refers to how the cultural and social background of learners influences their language acquisition process. English is a global language, and people from different cultural backgrounds learn it as a second language to communicate with others and to access educational and economic opportunities. In this context, the socio-cultural impact can be significant, and it is important to understand its implications for English language learners.

Here are some ways to check the sociocultural impact on English language learning as a second language:

1.   Analyze the cultural background of the learners: The cultural background of learners can impact their learning style and their attitude towards the English language. For example, learners from individualistic cultures might prioritize self-study and individual learning strategies, while learners from collectivist cultures might prefer group study and collaboration. Knowing the cultural background of learners can help teachers design appropriate teaching strategies and create a culturally sensitive learning environment.

 

2.   Evaluate the social context of learning: The social context of learning includes the social norms, values, and expectations of learners in their community. The social context can impact the learners' motivation, engagement, and identity as English language learners. For example, learners from marginalized communities might face social and economic barriers that affect their access to educational resources and opportunities. Understanding the social context can help teachers create a supportive and inclusive learning environment that meets the diverse needs of learners.

 

3.   Assess the impact of culture on language use: Culture shapes the way people use language, including their pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and communication styles. Learners from different cultural backgrounds might face challenges in adapting to English language norms and expectations, such as the use of idiomatic expressions, humor, and sarcasm. Teachers can assess the impact of culture on language use and provide targeted feedback and support to help learners improve their communication skills.

 

4.   Consider the role of language in identity formation: Language is an important aspect of identity, and learners might use language to express their cultural identity and negotiate their social position in a multilingual society. Learners might experience language anxiety or language conflict when their cultural identity clashes with English language norms and expectations. Teachers can acknowledge and validate learners' cultural identity and encourage them to use their linguistic and cultural knowledge as a resource for language learning.

 

In conclusion, checking the socio-cultural impact on English language learning as a second language requires a deep understanding of learners' cultural and social background, the social context of learning, the impact of culture on language use, and the role of language in identity formation. By taking these factors into account, teachers can create a culturally sensitive and inclusive learning environment that fosters language acquisition and promotes cultural awareness and appreciation.

 

Difference Between The Second Language and Foreign Language Learning

 How to Differentiate Second Language and Foreign Language Learning?

In both, Language Learning processes an individual acquires the ability to communicate with other people. There are two types of language learning: Second Language (L2) learning and Foreign Language (FL) learning. Although both terms are often used interchangeably, they are not the same. In this answer, we will differentiate Second Language and Foreign Language Learning and discuss their characteristics in detail.

Second Language Learning (L2)

Second Language Learning (L2) refers to the process of acquiring a language that is spoken in a region or country where the learner is living or has lived before. In other words, L2 learning involves learning a language that is used regularly in a particular context, and it may have some similarities with the learner's native language. The primary characteristic of L2 learning is that the learner has exposure to the target language in everyday life, which makes the learning process more natural.

For example, an immigrant in the United States who is learning English is acquiring a second language because English is used as a primary language in that region. Another example is a child who grows up in a bilingual household and learns both English and Spanish simultaneously. In both cases, the learner is acquiring a second language.

Characteristics of L2 learning:

1.      L2 learning takes place in a context where the target language is used as a primary language.

2.      L2 learners may have some prior knowledge of the target language, either through exposure or formal education.

3.      L2 learners have regular and frequent contact with the target language, which makes the learning process more natural.

4.      L2 learning is often motivated by the desire to integrate into the new community, improve job prospects or enhance social communication.

Foreign Language Learning (FL)

Foreign Language Learning (FL) refers to the process of acquiring a language that is not used regularly in the learner's daily life or native country. The primary characteristic of FL learning is that the learner has limited exposure to the target language in everyday life, and it may not have any similarities with the learner's native language.

For example, a student in Japan who is learning French is acquiring a foreign language because French is not used as a primary language in that region. Another example is an American student who learns Mandarin Chinese in school but has no regular contact with the language outside of the classroom.

Characteristics of FL Learning:

1.          FL learning takes place in a context where the target language is not used as a primary language.

2.      FL learners may have no prior knowledge of the target language, and the learning process is often formal and structured.

3.      FL learners have limited contact with the target language, which makes the learning process more challenging.

4.         FL learning is often motivated by the desire to enhance academic, personal, or professional goals, such as working or studying abroad, or enriching cultural experiences.

Differences between L2 and FL Learning:

Context: L2 learning takes place in a context where the target language is used as a primary language, while FL learning takes place in a context where the target language is not used as a primary language.

Exposure: L2 learners have regular and frequent contact with the target language in everyday life, while FL learners have limited exposure to the target language.

Prior Knowledge: L2 learners may have some prior knowledge of the target language, either through exposure or formal education, while FL learners may have no prior knowledge of the target language.

Motivation: L2 learning is often motivated by the desire to integrate into the new community, improve job prospects or enhance social communication, while FL learning is often motivated by the desire to enhance academic, personal, or professional goals, such as working or studying abroad, or to enrich cultural experiences.

In conclusion, Second Language (L2) and Foreign Language (FL) learning are different processes that occur in different contexts and have different characteristics. L2 learning involves acquiring a language that is spoken in a region or country where the learner is living or has lived before, while FL learning involves acquiring a language that is not used regularly in the learner's daily life or native country. L2 learners have regular and frequent contact with the target language, while FL learners have limited exposure to the target language. L2 learning may be motivated by the desire to integrate into a new community, while FL learning may be motivated by the desire to enhance academic or professional goals.

Understanding the differences between L2 and FL learning is important for language learners, language teachers, and language policymakers. It can help learners set realistic expectations, teachers develop effective teaching strategies, and policymakers design language policies that are relevant and appropriate to the target audience. By recognizing the unique characteristics of L2 and FL learning, language learners can make informed decisions about their language learning goals and strategies, and language educators can develop effective approaches to support their students' language acquisition.

How Does Second Language Learning Effect Mother Tongue Usage in Both Writing and Speaking?

Introduction

In today's globalized world, knowing a second language has become a necessity for individuals to communicate with people from different cultures and backgrounds. Consequently, second language learning has become an essential part of the education system in many countries. While learning a new language can bring many benefits, it has also been suggested that it could affect an individual's mother tongue usage, both in writing and speaking. This research publication aims to examine the impact of second language learning on mother tongue usage in writing and speaking.

Background

The mother tongue, also known as the first language or L1, is the language learned by individuals from birth, while the second language, or L2 refers to any language learned after the acquisition of the mother tongue (Cook, 2008). There has been a growing interest in the impact of L2 on L1, with some studies suggesting that L2 learning can lead to positive effects on L1, while others suggest negative effects. These effects are known as the transfer of learning or the transfer effect.

Transfer effects can be defined as the influence of prior knowledge, skills, or experiences on the learning of new information or skills (Gass & Selinker, 2008). In the context of L1 and L2, the transfer can occur in either direction, i.e., from L1 to L2 or from L2 to L1. The positive transfer from L2 to L1 is known as a cross-linguistic influence (CLI), while the negative transfer is known as a negative transfer or interference.

L2 Learning and Writing in L1

One of the most common ways in which L2 learning can affect L1 usage is through writing. Writing in L1 requires different cognitive and linguistic skills than writing in L2. However, L2 learning can enhance some of these skills, such as vocabulary knowledge, grammatical accuracy, and writing fluency, which can positively affect writing in L1 (Hinkel & Fotos, 2002).

For instance, a study by Chang and Swales (1999) found that ESL (English as a Second Language) students who had a high level of proficiency in English demonstrated a higher level of grammatical accuracy in their writing in Chinese (their L1) than those who had a lower level of English proficiency. Similarly, a study by Huang (2010) found that L2 learning had a positive effect on the lexical richness and syntactic complexity On the other hand, L2 learning can also lead to negative transfer or interference in L1 writing. Negative transfer occurs when the grammatical, lexical, or stylistic features of L2 are transferred to L1 writing, leading to errors or incorrect usage (Jarvis & Pavlenko, 2008). For example, a study by Jarvis and Pavlenko (2008) found that Russian-English bilinguals produced more errors in the use of articles in their Russian writing, which they attributed to interference from the use of articles in English. Similarly, a study by Wang (2013) found that Chinese learners of English tended to overuse the passive voice in their writing in both English and Chinese, indicating a negative transfer from English to Chinese. L2 Learning and Speaking in L1 L2 learning can also have an impact on speaking in L1, although the effects are less well-researched than in writing. One way in which L2 learning can affect L1 speaking is through changes in pronunciation or accent. Exposure to and practice in L2 pronunciation can lead to changes in L1 pronunciation, especially in the case of sounds that are similar in both languages (Flege, MacKay, & Meador, 1999). For example, a study by Guion, Flege, Akahane-Yamada, and Pruitt (2000) found that Japanese learners of English who had high proficiency in English demonstrated greater improvement in the production of English-like vowels in their Japanese speech than those with lower English proficiency. Similarly, a study by Bongaerts, Mennen, and van der Slik (2000) found that Dutch learners of French who had high proficiency in French showed greater convergence towards native-like French pronunciation in their Dutch speech than those with lower French ability.

Another way in which L2 learning can affect L1 speaking is through changes in the use of grammar and vocabulary. L2 learning can enhance the knowledge and use of certain grammatical structures and vocabulary items, positively affecting L1 speaking (Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson, 2003).

For instance, a study by Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson (2003) found that Swedish learners of English who had a high level of English proficiency demonstrated a higher level of grammatical accuracy in their Swedish speech than those with lower English proficiency. Similarly, a study by Wei (2005) found that Mandarin learners of English showed a higher level of lexical diversity and syntactic complexity in their Mandarin speech than those who did not learn English.

However, L2 learning can also lead to negative transfer or interference in L1 speaking. Negative transfer occurs when L2 structures or vocabulary are inappropriately transferred to L1 speech, leading to errors or incorrect usage (Gass & Selinker, 2008).

For example, a study by Kellerman and Sharwood Smith (1986) found that Dutch learners of English tended to use word order patterns that were typical in English but inappropriate in Dutch. Similarly, a study by Herdina and Jessner (2002) found that German learners of English tended to overuse certain grammatical structures in both English and German, indicating a negative transfer from English to German.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the impact of L2 learning on L1 usage in writing and speaking can be both positive and negative. Positive transfer from L2 to L1 can enhance the cognitive and linguistic skills required for L1 writing and speaking, while negative transfer can lead to errors or incorrect usage in L1. Therefore, it is essential to consider the potential transfer effects when learning a new language and develop strategies to minimize negative and maximize positive transfer. Future research can further explore the transfer effects and develop effective strategies for second language learning that can positively impact L1 usage of writing in L1.